Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases in the world. Despite all its complexity, there are methods that can make a person's life much easier. First of all, you need to follow a certain diet.
If you follow a well prescribed diet, diabetes will not affect the general well-being in any way, and in addition, the risk of various types of complications, including heart attack, stroke, etc. , decreases.
Types of plans
The diet for diabetes is determined depending on the type of disease itself and the age category. So there are general principles for good nutrition, which are adjusted depending on the individual indicators of the human body.
Since it is impossible to cure the disease, a certain menu is assigned to reduce the danger of it. Eating the right food at a clearly specified time is essential for:
- reduce the risk of chronic and acute complications,
- maintain good health and relatively strong immunity,
- prevent or lose weight,
- keep blood sugar within acceptable limits.
There are two types of diabetes. The first, in other words, is called insulin dependent. Its development is associated with damage and death of cells located in the pancreas and responsible for the production of insulin.
With it, nutrition is aimed at maintaining the process of insulin therapy and rather is an additional method of disease control. Its principles are similar to those followed by healthy people to achieve a good figure and well-being.
The main difference is the need to calculate the amount of carbohydrates. Since the treatment of type 1 diabetes involves taking insulin, you should monitor the percentage of carbohydrates in the daily diet. As a general rule, it should not exceed 60%.
Since type 2 diabetes, also independent of insulin, develops in obese people, so diet is in the first place. At the initial or mild stage of the disease, it is a matter of rationally getting rid of excess weight.
When diabetes of this type reaches a moderate or even severe form, then in addition to the diet, drugs are prescribed to lower blood sugar, or insulin. It should be noted that in such cases you should also pay special attention to physical activity. Thanks to them, such a problem as obesity can be solved without surgery.
The most popular diets are the so-called 8 and 9 tables. The eighth dietetic table applies to people who are overweight or have a tendency to be overweight. The ninth serves as the basis for determining the diet of diabetics.
Diet number 9 for diabetes
Diet # 9 is considered curative and is prescribed to normalize metabolism (carbohydrates). It also aims to prevent disorders related to fat metabolism. Its calorie content should not exceed 2500 kcal.
Such a diet is characterized as follows:
- the calorie content should be reduced by consuming animal fats and easily digestible carbohydrates (except for sweets and sugar),
- partial restriction or complete elimination of cholesterol and salt,
- consume more vitamins and fiber,
- the protein content should be within the normal range.
All healthy diets, including the ninth, are based on correct food intake. You need to eat often and in small portions. In total, the frequency should be 5 or 6 times a day.
Fried or cooked foods should be eaten as little as possible or completely forgotten. In the first place should be cooked and boiled. It is best to design a menu for the week, as this will make it easier to follow. Special preference should be given to the following products:
- lean meat
- lean fish
- vegetables that do not contain more than 5% carbohydrates,
- fruits (not all),
- natural sugar-free drinks.
As for condiments and eggs, their consumption should be limited. This is especially true for egg yolks. The amount of protein per day should not exceed 1, 5 piece. In addition to the fact that it is necessary to exclude sweets from the menu for diabetes, pasta, pasta and puff pastry, pickled vegetables are also prohibited.
Bananas, dates, figs, grapes and all their derivatives should not be eaten categorically. The same goes for fats like pork, lamb and beef. To get the necessary fats, you should consume butter (without salt) and vegetable oil in moderation.
Diet number 9 is the basis for the appointment of the necessary nutrition. Depending on the personal indicators of the diabetic person, it is adjusted. There are different types of diets that you can combine and find the right one for you.
What is a unit of bread?
Since the goal of good nutrition for diabetics is to consume a certain amount of carbohydrate, you need to know how this cherished standard is determined, on which depends how much and what foods you should eat.
All products, which contain carbohydrates, have different physical properties and calories. These characteristics are not subject to the usual measurement method. In addition, nutrition in diabetes mellitus requires increased control of their own daily intake.
In order to make it easier to determine how much you need to eat this or that product and not to go beyond what is allowed, nutritionists have introduced the term "unit of bread". The concept is used in cases where a diabetic is prescribed an insulin intake.
With such a measured unit, it is much easier for a person to understand what can be eaten and drunk, and what is not. He develops his healthy menu according to personal indicators, and can also change certain foods for others containing carbohydrates.
Typically, a person should consume 18 to 25 of these units per day. Since there should be five meals, it makes sense to rationally distribute this amount at all times. The main "dose" should enter the body in the first half of the day. To keep track of the number of units of bread consumed, you can compose a menu per day yourself.
How many calories per day to consume?
The diabetes mellitus diet requires the rejection of many foods and dishes that may have been previously included in the daily diet. However, foods that help normalize sugar levels should not be confused with those that are needed to shed those extra pounds.
Nutrition for type 1 diabetes is precisely about calculating the correct amount of insulin needed. Calorie content in this case does not play such an important role. You have to watch it so as not to gain weight.
The type 2 diabetes diet requires increased control of calorie intake, as it often develops in the presence of obesity. However, it is also not worth the trouble of blaming fanaticism.
<1_img_centerxx>The number of calories per day is calculated based on individual indicators of the body. The diet itself should be low in carbohydrates, but this does not imply a complete lack of carbohydrates. You need to eat your fill, but it's important not to overeat.
When the question arises of what to eat with type 2 diabetes, many think you should almost sit on bread crumbs and water. It is absolutely impossible. Food should be complete, containing vitamins and fiber.
There are various recipes for delicious, satisfying and at the same time healthy dishes that will not allow you to recover, but at the same time a person will be full of strength and energy. What specific foods should be consumed and what is the approximate number of calories allowed per day should be discussed with your doctor.
Useful and unhealthy foods
Low carb diets are different. For a healthy person, they are less strict than for someone who has been diagnosed with diabetes. But they have the same meaning. They differ in the main list of products, which are divided into healthy and harmful for diabetics.
Useful
- all kinds of vegetables,
- green vegetables (spinach, sorrel, dill),
- mushrooms,
- meat and fish (lean),
- Coffee and tea,
- mineral water.
Harmful
Moderately increased sugar:
- Potato,
- cereals,
- pasta, including hard varieties,
- dairy products.
Strong increase in sugar:
- candy,
- honey,
- drinks with added sugar,
- alcohol,
- grapes and their derivatives,
- hot and salty seasonings.
This division of products is generally accepted and is often used as the basis for developing menus for diabetes mellitus. But what is good for one person can be bad for another. Since everything is relative, an individual diet is prepared for each diabetic.
How to eat for obesity
It is believed that in order to lose weight, you need to follow a strict low-calorie diet. But the point is, it just doesn't work. Many studies have shown that with a decrease in the calorie content of your diet, apart from a constant feeling of hunger, up to fainting spells, nervousness and other things, nothing else happens. past.
With such a diet, it will be possible to lose weight literally a few kilograms, but if at the same time the body was distinguished by elasticity and good muscles, then this is all that will leave it in the first place. Subcutaneous fat will not go anywhere, and sometimes, on the contrary, will accumulate even more.
A protein diet involves an active intake of protein and a parallel reduction in the amount of fats and carbohydrates. The approach itself is not bad, but it also has its own nuances. Again, it is impossible to overdo it with protein, and it is totally forbidden to exclude fat from the diet. Lack of carbohydrates will lead to loss of vital energy.
In the end, it all comes down to a low-carb diet again. By itself, it is necessary to lower the sugar. In losing weight, she's not much of a lifeline, but of all the presented she is the best. Its merit is that all the elements necessary for the maintenance of vital activity enter the body.
So when there is a reasonable amount of natural fats, proteins and carbohydrates, the body does not need to make deposits. The metabolism begins to work like a clock, there is no chronic hunger, the symptoms of the disease practically disappear, and the person becomes more active.
Diet for type 1 diabetes
To maintain a healthy body with type 1 diabetes, the same low carbohydrate diet is necessary. But in this case, it must be strict. The table number does not play a special role here, although the regime number 9 is often taken as the basis.
The problem is that even the effect of insulin is very different, so it is quite difficult to normalize the indicators. That is why it is necessary to adhere to a certain diet. The less carbohydrate there is in the body, the less insulin is required.
Understand that your own diet is interconnected with your personal insulin dosage. Therefore, when developing your menu, you need to take into account the amount of medicine. It is best to schedule this per day to make it easier to follow.
Diet for type 2 diabetes
Since type 2 diabetes is less complex than type 1 diabetes, diet is essential for losing weight and preventing it in the future. Again, a low carb diet is also recommended. Of course, this is a rough diet that is being adjusted. Its significance lies in the normalization of glucose and insulin in the blood, as well as in the control of insulin resistance.
Some people practice taking various diet pills and treating them with folk remedies. You should forget about the first one, because at best these drugs will be meaningless.
As a rule, folk remedies consist of herbal infusions and decoctions. If you really understand herbal medicine, then maybe something will come out of it, but you should not make it the basis of treatment.
Renal failure
Against the background of the disease, kidney failure may develop. It should be understood that it is not caused by dietary protein, as many mistakenly believe, but by high blood sugar.
The active development of such a disease is suspended when the glucose level returns to normal. For this, food helps. Protein is not excluded from the diet, but you have to work with carbohydrates. Good nutrition available to ordinary people can even lead to the fact that the kidneys are completely restored.
However, if the process is taken to the extreme, there will be no return to healthy kidneys. Moreover, in such a case, a low carbohydrate diet can accelerate the destructive process. In order not to lead to this, you need to monitor your condition and control your diet, a table created for yourself will help, where dishes and insulin doses are scheduled, if necessary.
Other important points
Diabetes can develop at any age. In children, this can occur against the background of overeating of flour products, sweets. By finding the problem on time and starting to fix it correctly, you can avoid complications.
In women, the disease can occur for a variety of reasons. Constant stress, an abundant diet (mostly unhealthy foods), as well as inactivity can lead to excess weight and, consequently, type 2 diabetes.
Quite often there is a situation when the disease appeared during pregnancy. This is due to hormonal imbalances. In addition, a woman during this period can actively consume foods that can provoke the development of diabetes.
As a rule, there is a less strict diet for pregnant women, which is aimed at normalizing the processes in the body and partially losing weight, but at the same time without harming the fetus.
In case of gestational diabetes or diabetes during pregnancy, strict nutrition should only be discussed with a specialist. The diet should be adjusted taking into account that there is a parallel development of the fetus. By excluding any product, you can harm the unborn child.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops slightly less frequently in men than in women. This is due to the fact that they have a slightly accelerated metabolism. But junk food, alcohol addiction, and little physical activity can easily lead to such a problem.